境工程微生物学第六章.ppt

* 还原力就是一些物质具有的较强的还原性，物质利用还原性可以发生多种生化反应，从而驱动生物生理过程，因此被形象的称为还原力。 比较典型的还原力就是NADH和NADPH。 Figure: 05-21 Caption: Structure and function of ATP synthase (ATPase). F1 consists of five different polypeptides present as an ?3?3??? complex. F1 is the catalytic complex responsible for the interconversion of ADP + Pi and ATP. F0 is integrated in the membrane and consists of three polypeptides in an ab2c12 complex. Subunit a is responsible for channeling protons across the membrane while subunit b protrudes outside the membrane and forms， along with the b2 and ? subunits， the stator. As protons enter， the dissipation of the proton motive force drives ATP synthesis. The ATPase is reversible in its action; that is， ATP hydrolysis can drive formation of a proton motive force. Figure: 05-16a-c Caption: Cytochrome and its structure. (a) Structure of the pyrrole ring. (b) Four pyrrole rings are condensed, leading to formation of the porphyrin ring. Various metals can be incorporated into the porphyrin ring system. For example, in chlorophyll pigments, the metal is Mg21 (Section 17.2 and Figure 17.3); in vitamin B12, it is Co21 (Section 30.7 and Figure 30.12); and in certain unique porphyrin coenzymes, Ni21 may be the central metal atom (Section 17.17 and Figure 17.42). (c) In some cytochromes, like cytochrome c, the porphyrin ring is covalently linked via disulfide bridges to cysteine molecules in the protein. Note the presence of iron in the center of the ring. Figure: 05-19 Caption: Electron transport chains and their relation to E0. Shown here is one example of an electron transport system, leading to the transfer of electrons from substrate to O2. This particular sequence is typical of the electron transport chain of the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells and that of some Bacteria (for example, Paracoccus denitrificans). The electron transport chain in Escherichia coli lacks cytochromes c and aa3, and instead electrons go directly from cytochrome b to cytochrome o or d