简述先导化合物优化（LeadOptimization）.pptVIP

* * * -I 吸电子诱导效应 * * * * * * * * * * * 1932, Erlenmeyer，药物化学 原子团中只有边界电子 boundary electrons 或外围电子 outer electrons 的数目是决定电子等排体的条件 用电子等排体性质相似的原理研究药理作用与化学结构的关系 50′ Friedman, 生物电子等排 外围电子数目相同或排列相似，具有相同生物活性或拮抗生物活性的原子、基团或部分结构，即为生物电子等排体 I: F Cl Br I; OH SH SeH; NH2; CH3 II: O S Se Te; NH; CH2 III: N P As Sb Bi; CH IV: C Si N+ P+ As+ Sb+ (S+) V: -CH=CH- -S- -O- -NH- (in aromatic ring) 70′ Burger classical isosteres nonclassical isosteres classical isosteres 1. Univalent atoms and groups a. CH3 NH2 OH F b. Cl PH2 SH c. Br i-Pr d. I t-Bu 2. Bivalent atoms and groups a. -CH2- -NH- -O- -S- -Se- -COCH2R -CONHR -CO2R -COSR 3. Trivalent atoms and groups a. -CH= -N= b. -P= -As= 4. Tetravalent atoms a. C Si b. =C= =N+= =P+= 5. Ring equivalents a. -CH=CH- -S- b. -CH= -N= c. -O- -S- -CH2- -NH- nonclassical isosteres 1. Hydroxy group OH NHCOR NHSO2R CH2OH NHCONH2 NHCN CH(CN)2 2. Halogen F Cl Br I CF3 CN N(CN)2 C(CN)3 3. Ether -O- -S- 4. Carbonyl group 5. Carboxylic acid group 6. Thiourea 7. Spacer group 8. Catechol 9. Pyridine 10. Hydrogen Bioisosteric replacements of the pyridine ring in a series of factor Xa inhibitors In vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase：pyridine, thiadiazole, and triazine replacement of the pyridazine ring An indication could be given by the comparison of the boiling points of these heterocycles assuming that the more similar the boiling point is, the most appropriate the bioisostere is. A possible interpretation of these results can be the fact that in the heterocyclic series, the boiling point is correlated to the dipolar moment of the molecule and that, for two heterocyclic rings having the same aromatic geometry, the similarity of the dipolar moments may represent the dominant feature. 5. Topliss决策法 * 盐酸美沙酮(简称美沙酮)为μ阿片受体激动剂，药效与吗啡类似，具有镇痛作用，并可产生呼吸抑制、缩瞳、镇静等作用。与吗啡比较，具有作用时间较长、不易产生耐受性、药物