关于2.、细胞的统一性与多样性.pptVIP

Structure of an animal cell * * 2 真核细胞eukaryotic cells: cell specialization The formation of highly complex unicellular organisms represents on evolutionary pathway. An alternate pathway has been the evolution of multicellular organisms in which different activities are conducted by different types of specialized cells. * * * * 真核细胞 真核细胞的一般结构 细胞的大小和形状 原核细胞和真核细胞的比较 * 真核细胞的基本结构体系 ?以脂质及蛋白质成分为基础的生物膜结构系统 ?以核酸（DNA或RNA）与蛋白质为主要成分的遗传信息表达系统 ?由特异蛋白分子装配构成的细胞骨架系统。 * * Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include simple sugars and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks. Carbohydrates function primarily as stores of chemical energy and as durable building materials of biological construction. * Lipids Lipids are a diverse group of nonpolar biological molecules whose common properties are their ability to dissolve in organic solvents and not dissolve in water. Lipids of importance in cellular function include fats, steroids(类固醇), and phospholipids （磷脂）. * Protein Proteins are polymers made of amino acid monomers Proteins are the macromolecules that carry our virtually all of a cell’s activities; they are the molecular tools and machines that make things happen. It is estimated that the typical mammalian cell may have as many as 10,000 different proteins having a diverse array of functions Enzymes, stuctural cables, hormones, growth factors, and gene activators, membrane receptors and transporters, antibodies, toxins, blood clots * Nucleic acids Nucleic Acids are macromolecules constructed as a long chain (strand) of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleic acids function primarily in the storage and transmission of gene information, but they may also have structural of catalytic roles. They are two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA serves as the genetic material of all cellular organisms, though RNA carries out that role for many viruses. In cells, informatio