《天体物理概论》intro090909.pptVIP

Effects of the atmosphere for ground-based telescopes Wavelength-dependent Variable with time local conditions Optical (also NIR, NUV): Atmospheric refraction; Seeing seeing-limited vs. diffraction-limited resolution ? adaptive optics Scintillation ~ “twinkling”; Atmospheric reddening. * Scintillation ~ “Twinkling” Twinkle, twinkle, little star. How I wonder what you are. Up above the world so high. Like a diamond in the sky. Twinkle, twinkle, little star. How I wonder what you are? You are not a mystery to me. Since I’ve got my phD. * atmospheric transparency curve ionsphper * Telescopes at Multi-Wavelengths To maintain the integrity of the signal, irregularities on the surface of the primary reflector should be a small fraction, e.g., 1/10, of a wavelength. ? Optical: require finely engineered smooth mirrors. Radio: a wire mesh is often suffice. X-ray: even very smooth mirrors have rather limited focussing capabilities since X-rays tend to be absorbed. g-ray: cannot be focussed at all. Other techniques, e.g., tracing the signal direction through multiple detectors. * Radio 1: single dish 北京密云的50米射电望远镜 昆明凤凰山的40米射电望远镜 上海佘山25米射电望远镜 乌鲁木齐南山25米射电望远镜 FAST? The Arecibo Telescope at波多黎各岛,无线电球面反射镜直径305米，用将近4万个钻孔的铝质筛板制成的，整个躲藏在一个称为灰岩坑的地下大坑内(USA?1亿美元)。 * Radio 2: array interferometer VLA = Very Large Array ? VLBA ? Zhou+04 VLBI * Radio 3: space-based COBE = Cosmic Background Explorer WMAP = Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Planck Precision Cosmology * Infrared IRAS ISO Spitzer Herschel Spitzer observation of a flare galaxy (Komossa, Zhou, Rau et al. 2009) * Ultraviolet IUE = International Ultraviolet Explorer HST = Hubble Space Telescope GALEX = Galaxy Evolution Explorer WSO = World Space Observatory IUE HST * X-ray Uhuru Einstein ASCA ROSAT Chandra XMM-Newton Chandra XMM * g-ray CGRO = Compton Gamma Ray Observatory SWIFT GLAST * §2. 10. signal processing: correction calibration correction: depends on waveband, the specifics of telescopes, instrument