《天体物理概论》Stars II.pptVIP

StarsII. Stellar Physics Xiaobo Dong 2009.10 Overview of the structure of stars Still, First the Sun as an example Overview of basic processes Nuclear energy production ? energy transport (radiation, convection) ; for a system in a long-time equilibrium, mass conservation, energy conservation, force balance. Connections with observations Maoz, fig2.4 Energy transport II:convection, sound waves and helioseismology /Helioseismology.shtml 2. Our goal of this Section So, we finally have 5 equations for 5 unknowns and we should be able to solve the problem in a unique way. The uniqueness of the solution is claimed in the Russel-Vogt-Theorem: For a star of given chemical composition and mass there exists only one equilibrium configuration which solves the boundary problem of stellar structure. [In this generality, the theorem is not proven. Local uniqueness can be shown, however. Also, the theorem is based on the wrong assumption that the chemical composition of a star is homogenous.] That is, all the parameters of a star (its spectral type, luminosity, size, radius and temperature) are determined primarily by its mass. The emphasis on `primarily is important since this only applies during the `normal or hydrogen burning phase of a stars life. 后续课程《恒星结构和演化 》(AY15204） 3. Several fundamental concepts and processes Before the theoretical derivation of stellar structure, first we introduce in detail several basic and yet important concepts. Outline (the lecture notes will be scanned later): (1). Virial theorem and Virial Equilibrium 质点组位力定理的证明； 位力平衡：系统较长时间维持在有限空间运动； 自引力系统的位力定理； 流体系统的位力定理；恒星?主序恒星中的位力定理； Systems of negative heat capacity (负热容)。 (2) Random walk 数学vs.统计: 变量与随机变量 基本概念与基本物理过程 (3) Cross section, Radiation pressure and radiation pressure force 相互作用截面： Eg.1 电子Thomson散射截面推导；关于电子－光子相互作用的讨论（提问123） Eg.2 原子核大小的测量。 光子气体的压强： 压强（pressure）的概念; 应力的法向分量； 《电动力学》p223. 另一种直观的推导； 中心点源辐射对周围气体的辐射压力(电子散射)； 爱丁顿极限及其应用的前提条件。 对open discussions以及课间课后提问的回复2009.10.21 关于o