第二节上尿路结石（Section 2 urinary calculi）.doc

第二节上尿路结石（Section 2 urinary calculi） Section 2: urinary calculi The clinical manifestation of renal and ureteral calculi, also known as urinary calculi, is characterized by pain and hematuria. The degree is related to stone site, size, activity or absence of injury, infection, obstruction, etc. Pain nephrolithiasis can cause pain in the kidney area and the pain in the ribs of the rib. There are no obvious clinical symptoms in renal pelvis and renal calculi, and there is a dull pain in the upper abdomen or waist after the activity. Ureteral calculi can cause renal colic (r enal cohc), typically characterized by pain, paroxysmal attack on the waist or abdomen, and along the ureter, radiation to the ipsilateral inguinal, ipsilateral zhao pill or labia can also be affected. The calculi is in the middle of the ureter and the pain radiates to the lower abdomen. The calculi is in the ureteral wall or ureter, but it can be accompanied by the bladder stimulation and the urethra and the penis head radiating pain. Renal colic is common in lithostasis and causes ureteral obstruction. Hematuria is usually a patient with naked eyes or microscopic hematuria, the latter is more common, and sometimes the microscopic hematuria is the only clinical manifestation of upper urinary calculi. The amount of hematuria is related to the degree of urinary mucosal injury. If the stone causes a complete obstruction or immobility of the urinary tract (such as a kidney stone), there may be no hematuria. Nausea and vomiting ureteral calculi caused a complete obstruction of urinary tract, resulting in increased pressure in the ureteral cavity, local dilatation, spasm and ischemia. Because ureteral and enteral have common nerve control and cause nausea, vomiting. It can be used for urinary frequency, urgency, and urinalgia when it stimulates calculi to be accompanied by infection or ureteral calculi. Complications can show the symptoms of cold, fever, chills and other systemic symptoms. Lithogenic nep