Analyzing Proportions - Ohio University（分析比例俄亥俄大学）.pdfVIP

Analyzing Proportions Binomial Distribution - Example Binomial Test - Example 1 Binomial Distribution There are many application in biology where one is confronted with data that fall into one of two categories: male/female, dead/alive, left-handed/right-handed, etc. This situation falls into our previous coin-flip example (head/tails). In the population, there will be a fixed proportion that fall into one category (p) and the balance will by definition be (1-p). Often times the proportion p is referred to as the number of “successes” (the complement being the number of “failures”). 2 Binomial Distribution If we take a random sample of n individuals from this type of population, the sampling distribution for the number of successes p is described by the binomial distribution: n X n −X Pr [x successes ]= p 1−p    X The term n is read as “n choose X” and can be expanded to:   X n n !  =X ! n −X ! X 3 Binomial Distribution - Example - Suppose you are evaluating an orchid species that exhibits a left-handed lip on the flower or a right-handed lip. Suppose you sample 27 flowers (say all the ones that occurred in random quadrat) and determined the proportion of left-handed flowers p = 0.25. The binomial coefficient then is “27 choose 6” is 296,010 and expansion of the previous equation comes to 0.1719. You can then sequent