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Basic Map GPS Skills - National Geographic(基本技能国家地理地图和GPS)
Basic Map GPS Skills
How to read a topographic map, use a compass,
and determine GPS locations on a map
Table of Contents
This booklet covers what a topographic map (topo map) is, how to use
a map, and how to find your way using a compass, map and/or a Global
Positioning System (GPS).
What is a Topographic Map? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Creation of a Topographic Map
®
National Geographic Trails Illustrated Maps . . . 4
Topographic Map Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Contour Lines
Symbols
Scale
Coordinate Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Latitude and Longitude, the True Coordinate System
Using Latitude and Longitude on a Topographic Map
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid Coordinate System
UTM Measurements Coordinates: EASTINGS
UTM Measurements Coordinates: NORTHINGS
How to Measure Distance on the Map . . . . . . . . . 11
Planning Your Route
Navigation Tools Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Using a Compass
True North vs. Magnetic North
Declination
Taking a Bearing
Obtaining Your Bearings from a Map
Using a GPS Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The Global Positioning System
Plotting a Route with GPS
Other Features
Using an Altimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Map, Compass GPS Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Leave No Trace Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Share the Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Survival Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2 © 2002 National Geographic, All righ
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