不完全竞争-中华电信.PPT

不完全競爭 為何有許多檳榔攤？客人似乎不多，如何賺取利潤？ 為何Coca Cola, Nike，泛亞要拍那麼多廣告？ 金價天天在變，為什麼有些東西價格卻很少改變？ 米酒VS青菜 不完全競爭市場包含了「獨占性競爭市場」與「寡占市場」兩種基本形態，兩者的相同點為：個別廠商對價格都具有影響力；而相異點在於獨占性競爭市場的廠商人數眾多，而寡占市場通常由少數幾個廠商控制整個產業。 龔斷性競爭Monopolistic Competition 廠商數目多，買者多，每個人都只有很少的占有率 自由進出 完全資訊 Firms compete on product quality, price, and marketing 異質性產品：如洗髮精、泡麵、蔥油餅 PC War Games Each PC maker tells us that they have the best product at the best price. Just two big chip makers produce almost all the processor and memory chips in our PCs. Firms in these markets are neither price takers like those in perfect competition, nor are they protected from competition by barriers to entry like a monopoly. How do such firms choose the quantity to produce and price? Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition is a market with the following characteristics: A large number of firms. Each firm produces a differentiated product. Firms compete on product quality, price, and marketing. Firms are free to enter and exit the industry. Large Number of Firms implies Each firm has only a small market share and therefore has limited market power to influence the price of its product. Each firm is sensitive to the average market price, but no firm pays attention to the actions of the other, and no one firm’s actions directly affect the actions of other firms. Collusion, or conspiring to fix prices, is impossible. Product Differentiation each firm makes a product that is slightly different from the products of competing firms. Competing on Quality, Price, and Marketing Quality includes design, reliability, and service. Because firms produce differentiated products, each firm has a downward-sloping demand curve for its own product. But there is a tradeoff between price and quality. Differentiated products must be marketed using advertising and packaging. Entry and Exit There are no barriers to entry in monopolistic competition, so firms cannot earn an economic profit in the long run. Examples of Monopolistic Competiti