十大道德难题（Top 10 ethical dilemmas）.doc

十大道德难题（Top 10 ethical dilemmas） 10. Trolley Problem Trolley problem is one of the most famous thought experiments in the field of ethics, which is roughly: a madman has tied five innocent people to a tram track. A runaway tram came to them, and a moment later it was going to crush them. Luckily, you can pull a pull rod to drive the trolley onto the other track. But there was another problem, and that madman also tied a man to that other track. Considering the above situation, should you pull the lever? Reading: The trolley problem was first proposed by the philosopher Philippa Foot to criticize the main theories of ethics, especially utilitarianism. The utilitarian point of view is that most moral decisions are based on the principle of providing the greatest benefit to the most people. From a utilitarian point of view, the obvious choice is to pull a lever, save five people and kill only one. But the utilitarian critic believes that once you pull the lever, you become an accomplice in an immoral act -- you have to be partly responsible for the death of a single person on the other track. However, others believe that you are in this situation to ask for something, and that your inaction will be equally immoral. In short, there is no complete moral behavior, which is the point. Many philosophers have used the trolley problem as an example to show the real-life situation often force a person against his own code of ethics, and there is no complete moral practice. The Cow in The field One of the most important thought experiments in the field of epistemology is cows on the ground. It describes the loss of a farmer who was worried about his winning cow. Then the milkman went to the farm, and he told the farmer not to worry, because he saw the cow in a clearing in the attachment. Although the farmer believed in the milkman, he looked at it himself. He saw the familiar black and white shapes and felt very satisfied. After a while, the milkman went to the clearing to recon