古希腊建设文化.doc

古代希腊是欧洲文化的摇篮，同样也是西欧建筑的开拓者，但毕竟还处在萌芽和胚胎的时期，它们的类型还少，形制很简单，结构比较幼稚，这是因为它的艺术的完美所致。 古希腊的纪念性建筑在公元前8世纪大致形成，公元前5世纪已成熟，公元前4世纪进入一个形制和技术更广阔的发展时期。由于宗教在古代社会据有重要的地位，因而古代国家的神庙往往是这一国家建筑艺术的最高成就的代表，希腊亦不例外。古希腊是个泛神论国家，人们把每个城邦，每个自然现象都认为受一位神灵支配着，因此希腊人祀奉各种神灵建造神庙。希腊神庙不仅是宗教活动中心，也是城邦公民社会活动和商业活动的场所,还是储存公共财富的地方。这样神庙就成了希腊崇拜的圣地， 希腊最早的神庙建筑只是贵族居住的长方形有门廊的建筑。在他们看来神庙是神居住的地方，而神不过是更完美的人，所以神庙也不过是更高级的人的住宅。 Ancient Greece is the cradle of European culture, is also a pioneer in Western European architecture, but after all still in the embryonic and fetal period, they are also the type of small, very simple shape, structure, rather naive, because it was perfectly art To.??????Ancient Greek monuments in the 8th century BC, roughly the formation of the 5th century BC, has matured into a 4th century BC, and technology shape the broader period of development. As far as religion in ancient society have an important role, which is often the ancient temple state of the art of architecture in this country the highest achievements of the representatives of Greece is no exception. Pantheism is a country of ancient Greece, people of each city, each natural phenomena that dominated by a god, so the Greeks built temples enshrine various gods. Greek temple is not only a religious center and a city-state of civil society activities and business activities, workplace, or storage areas of public wealth. This became the Greek temple of worship in the Holy Land, Greece, the oldest living temple building is a rectangle with noble porch construction. In their view, to where the temple of God, and God is perfect, however, so the temple is more advanced but also the residential people. 一、古希腊三柱式 柱式: 柱式是指一整套古典建筑立面形式生成的原则。基本原理就是以柱径为一个单位，按照一定的比例原则，计算出包括柱础（Base）、柱身（shaft）和柱头（Capital）的整个柱子的尺寸，更进一步计算出包括基座（Stylobate）和山花（Pediment）的建筑各部分尺寸。 古希腊的建筑从公元前7世纪末，除屋架之外，均采用石材建造。神庙是古希腊城市最主要的大型建筑，其典型型制是围廊式。由于石材的力学特性是抗压不抗拉，造成其结构特点是密柱短跨，柱子、额枋和檐部的艺术处理基本上决定了神庙的外立面形式。古希腊建筑艺术的种种改进，也都集中在这些构件的形式、比例和相互组合上。公元前6世纪，这些形式已经相当稳定，有了成套定型的做法，即以后古罗马