不定式的语法解析(一).docx

不定式语法解析（一）一、概说动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它通常由不定式符号to + 动词原形构成，但有时to也可省略(省略to的不定式叫不带to的不定式，与动词原形同形)。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的功能，在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能用作谓语(故称不定式为非谓语动词)。不定式可以有不同的时态(如进行式、完成式等)和语态(主动语态和被动语态)。二、不定式的否定式1、不定式的否定式的构成通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前，即构成not to do 或never to do 的形式，注意not和never一定要放在不定式符号to的前面，而不是其后面。如：The doctor advised me not to smoke. 医生劝我不要抽烟。Father warned me never to drive after drinking. 父亲警告我不要酒后开车。注：若不定式为完成式和被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前：She pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。It is nice not to be dependent on others. 不依靠别人是好的。2、so as to do sth 和in order to do sth 的否定式对于这两个结构的否定式，通常是将否定词置于不定式符号to之前，而不是置于整个结构之前或其他位置：Study hard so as not to fail the exam. 努力学习，以免考试不及格。He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。三、不定式的时态与语态1、不定式时态与语态的基本形式(以do为例)主动语态被动语态一般式todoto be done进行式to be doing无完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing无2、不定式一般式的用法有两个主要用法：(1) 一是表示将来，即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作：We decided to leave early. 我们决定早点动身。He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。We expect him to come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。(2) 表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作：He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的？I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry)3、不定式进行式的用法主要用法有：(1) 表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作：He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 人们认为他躲在林子里。(2) 正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样，不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来：He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。The old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。4、不定式完成式的用法(1) 表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作：He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。(2) 表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作：I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。(3) 表示过去未实实现的想法和愿望：I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。5、不定式完成进行式的用法表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作：You seem to have been writing very long. 你好像已经写了很久了。The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行两天了。6、不定式被动语态的用法不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式，往往取决于句子的意思，即意思上为主动就用主动形式