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The International Journal of Biochemistry Cell Biology 45 (2013) 2322–2332 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect The International Journal of Biochemistry Cell Biology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. elsev /locate/biocel Review Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of angiotensin II-induced muscle wasting: Potential therapeutic targets for cardiac cachexia Tadashi Yoshida a , A. Michael Tabony a , Sarah Galvez a , William E. Mitch b , Yusuke Higashi a , Sergiy Sukhanov a , Patrice Delafontaine a,∗ a Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States b Section of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Cachexia is a serious complication of many chronic diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF) and Received 22 February 2013 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many factors are involved in the development of cachexia, and there is Received in revised form 28 May 2013 increasing evidence that angiotensin II (Ang II), the main effector molecule of the renin–angiotensin Accepted 29 May 2013 system (RAS), plays an important role in this process. Patients with advanced CHF or CKD often have Available online 13 June 2013 increased Ang II levels and cachexia, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trea