计算机网络技术及应用2.pptVIP

Five factors for Data Transmission Data and Signals：????Analog and Digital Data Analog and Digital Signals The mode for Data Transmission：????Serial and Current communication ????Simplex, Half duplex and Full duplex Synchronous：????Synchronous Transmission????Asynchronous Transmission Transmission Media Error Detection and Correction 2. Signals Signals: Electric or electromagnetic representations of data Analog signals： continuous electromagnetic wave。 Digital signals ：a serials of pulses, using 0 and 1 to represent the value Nyquist Sampling Theorem Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 4 bit system gives 16 levels Quantized Quantizing error or noise Approximations mean it is impossible to recover original exactly 8 bit sample gives 256 levels Quality comparable with analog transmission 8000 samples per second of 8 bits each gives 64kbps PCM PCM Example PCM Example Analog Transmission Analog signal transmitted without regard to content May be analog or digital data Attenuated over distance Use amplifiers to boost signal Also amplifies noise Digital Transmission Concerned with content Repeaters used to boost signal Attenuation is overcome Noise is not amplified Effected by delay distortion Digital and analog channel Digital channel： ADSL、ISDN、DDN、ATM、LAN Analog channel ： Catv, radio, telephone Data rate In bits per second bps Rate at which data can be communicated Bandwidth In cycles per second of Hertz Hz Constrained by transmitter and medium Error rate Rate at which errors may be occurred Nyquist’s Bandwidth Baud Rate 码元速率/调制速率/波特率 - RB Bit Rate 信息速率/数据率/比特率 - Rb Rb=RBlog2M For binary transmission: Rb=RB Nyquist Theorem: C=2Blog2M For binary transmission: C=2B eg The bandwidth of a channel B=3100Hz, then the channel capacity C C=2B=6200bps Transmission rate for Telephone（bandwidth=3KHz） Shannon’s Capacity Formula The higher the data rate, the worse the noise’s effects. Signal Noise Rate: SNRdB=10log(Ps/Pn)=10log(SNR) Shannon F