数学基础(多项式环).pdf

数学基础 多项式环 域元素的多项式表达 Polynomial Ring • Definition: If R is a commutative ring, then a polynomial in x over the ring R is an expression of the form f(x)=a n n-1 x +a x + … + a x+a where n n-1 1 0 each ai ∈R and n≥0 • Note: If R is a commutative ring, the polynomial ring R[x] is the ring formed by the set of all polynomials in x having coefficients from R Zhijun Li S1034040/Autumn07/HIT 57 Polynomial Ring: Example 3 2 • Example : Let f(x)=x +x+1 and g(x)=x +x be elements in Z2[x] – f(x)+g(x) = x3 2 +x +1 – f(x)-g(x) = f(x)+g(x) = x3 2 +x +1 5 4 3 – f(x)×g(x) = x +x +x +x Zhijun Li S1034040/Autumn07/HIT 58 Set of Residues Modulo p(x) • Definition: A set of residues modulo p(x) of R[x] is the set of {R[x] mod p(x)} – p(x) is a irreducible polynomial over R • A set of residues modulo p(x) of R[x] is denoted as R[x]/p(x) Zhijun Li S1034040/Autumn07/HIT 59 Congruent Polynomials • Definition: a(x),b(x) are congruent modulo p(x) or a(x) ≡ b(x) mod p(x), iff p(x)|(a(x)-b(x)) • Example: 3 2 – Z5[x]: 3x +4x+4 ≡ x+4 mod x +1 3 3 2 • 3x +4x+4 – (x+4) = 3x +3x = 3x(x +1) • Definition: If a(x)b(x) ≡ 1 mod p(x), then b(x)=a-1(x) mod p(x) Zhijun Li S1034040/Autumn07/HIT 60 Irreducible Polynomials • Definition: if a(x)=q(x)b(x), then a(x) is divisible by b(x) and denoted as b(x)|a(x) •