材料科学基础-第2章的晶体缺陷.ppt

1 材料科学基础 Chapter 2 –晶体缺陷 李谦– 宁向梅主讲 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2 Chapter Outline 2.1 Point Defects 2.2 Dislocations 2.3 Surface Defects Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3 晶体结构中原子组合的不完整性，称为晶体缺陷。 点缺陷—在三维方向都很小的（不超过几个原子间距）缺陷，或者说是零维缺陷。包括空位、间隙原子、置换原子等。 线缺陷—在两个方向上尺寸很小，而另一个方向尺寸很长的缺陷，即一维缺陷。也就是“位错”．这是本章要重点讨论的。 面缺陷—在一个方向尺寸很小，而另两个方向尺寸很大的缺陷，即二维缺陷。如相界面、晶界、亚晶界，还有孪晶界、堆垛层错等。 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 4 Point defects - Imperfections, such as vacancies, that are located typically at one (in some cases a few) sites in the crystal. Extended defects - Defects that involve several atoms/ions and thus occur over a finite volume of the crystalline material (e.g., dislocations, stacking faults, etc.). Vacancy - An atom or an ion missing from its regular crystallographic site. Interstitial defect - A point defect produced when an atom is placed into the crystal at a site that is normally not a lattice point. Substitutional defect - A point defect produced when an atom is removed from a regular lattice point and replaced with a different atom, usually of a different size. Section 2.1 Point Defects 点缺陷 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 5 图2-1 点缺陷：(a) 空位 (b)间隙原子 (c)小置换原子 (d)大置换原子 (e) 弗兰克空位 (f) 肖脱基空位 Figure 2-1 Point defects: (a) vacancy, (b) interstitial atom, (c) small substitutional atom, (d) large substitutional atom, (e) Frenkel defect, (f) Schottky defect. All of these defects disrupt the perfect arrangement of the surrounding atoms. Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0. Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 6 Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Cli