医学英文翻译.docVIP

Introduction to the Developing Human 人体发育生物学介绍 Human development is a continuous process that begins when an oocyte (ovum) from a female is fertilized by a sperm (spermatozoon) from a male. Cell division, cell migration, programmed cell death, differentiation, growth, and cell rearrangement transform the fertilized oocyte, a highly specialized, totipotent cell, a zygote, into a multicellular human being. Although most developmental changes occur during the embryonic and fetal periods, important changes occur during later periods of development: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood Development does not stop at birth. Important changes, in addition to growth, occur after birth (e.g., development of teeth and female breasts). 人体的发育是一个连续的过程。一开始，女性的卵子通过与男性的精子结合而完成受精，随后经过不断的细胞分裂、迁移、程序性死亡、分化、成熟和重排，受精卵这个高度特异性的全能细胞、合子，最终转变为一个多细胞组成的复杂的人体。尽管绝大多数的发育中的变化出现在胚胎和胎儿时期，一些重要的变化也发生在发育的后期如婴儿期、儿童时期、青少年期甚至早期成人期。发育并不会在人们出生后停止。一些重要的改变，不只是生长发育，也发生在出生以后（如牙齿和女性乳房的发育）。 1 DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS 1 发育周期 It is customary to divide human development into prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) periods. During the prenatal period, the most visible advances occur during the third to eighth weeks of embryonic development. During the fetal period, differentiation and growth of tissues and organs occur. The rate of body growth increases during this period. 通常来说人体发育分为出生前阶段和出生后阶段。在出生前阶段，绝大数可见的发育变化出现在胚胎发育的第三周到第八周。而组织和器官的分化和成熟是在胎儿时期，此期人体的生长发育速度增快。 2 SIGNIFICANCE OF EMBRYOLOGY。 2 胚胎学的重要性 Literally, embryology means the study of embryos; however, the term generally refers to prenatal development of embryos and fetuses. 胚胎学的表面意义是研究胚胎的科学，但实际上胚胎学涵盖了更广泛的整个胚胎以及胎儿的出生前发育。 Developmental anatomy is the field of embryology concerned with the changes that cells, tissues, organs, and, the body as a whole undergo from a germ cell of each parent to the resulting adult. Prenatal development is more rapid than postnatal development and results in more striking changes. 发育解剖学，从一个来自于父母双方的受精