第2课 简单应力与应变.pptVIP

Lesson 2 Simple Stress and Strain ; In any engineering structure the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or environment in which the component works. ; If the component or member is in equilibrium, the resultant of the external forces will be zero but, nevertheless, they together place a load on the member which tends to deform that member and which must be reacted by internal forces set up within the material.; Vibration normally results from an impact load, and equilibrium is not established until the vibration is eliminated, usually by natural damping forces. ; It has been noted above that external force applied to a body in equilibrium is reacted by internal forces set up within the material.; If, therefore, a bar is subjected to a uniform tension or compression, i.e. a force, which is uniformly applied across the cross-section, then the internal forces set up are also distributed uniformly and the bar is said to be subjected to a uniform normal stress.; Stress б may thus be compressive or tensile depending on the nature of the load and will be measured in units of newtons per square meter (N/m2)or multiples of this. A material is said to be elastic if it returns to its original, unloaded dimensions when load is removed.; A particular form of elasticity which applies to a large range of engineering material, at least over part of their load range, produces deformations which are proportional to the loads producing them. ; Since loads are proportional to the stress they produce and deformations are proportional to the strains, this also implies that, whilst material are elastic, stress is proportional to strain.; This law is obeyed within certain limits by most ferrous alloys and it can even be assumed to apply to other engineering materials such as concrete, timber and non-ferrous alloys with reasonable