北京紫禁城，长城，天坛.docVIP

北京： 故宫，长城，天坛 中英文 故宫，旧称紫禁城，位于北京中轴线的中心，是明清两个朝代二十四位皇帝的皇宫，占地面积72万平方米，建筑面积约15万平方米。明成祖朱棣永乐四年（1406年）开始营建，永乐十八年（1420年）落成。 北京故宫为明成祖朱棣于西元1406年基本上是在元朝大都皇宫的基础上开始建设的，设计师为木匠出身的蒯祥，西元1420年正式落成，从1420年落成到1911年清帝逊位的约五百年间，共有明清两代二十四帝在故宫生活过。明朝初期有殿宇1630余座，清朝乾隆时期有殿宇1800余座，现存殿宇约2631座；紫禁城各宫殿样式图细画至“寸”，自康熙起雷氏家族代代测量、绘制典藏到民国初年。 故宫在辛亥革命之前被称为“紫禁城”。它的名字来自“紫微星垣”，中国古代星像学家把天上的星星分为三垣，四象，二十八星宿等。其中三垣指紫微星垣，太微星垣和天市星垣。紫微星垣居于正中，据传皇天上帝的居所（紫宫）就在紫微星垣中，人间皇帝自称“天子”便仿皇天上帝居所的名字用其“紫”字为紫禁城。 The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the Dongcheng District, in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five centuries, it served as the home of the Emperor and his household, as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government. Built from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,707 bays of rooms and covers 720,000 square metres. The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. Since 1924, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artefacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museums former collection is now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War. 长城修筑的历史悠久，工程雄伟浩大，是世界少有的奇迹。长城东西南北交错，绵延伏于我们伟大祖国辽阔的土地上。它好像一条巨龙，翻越巍巍群山，穿过茫茫草原，跨过浩瀚的沙漠，奔向苍茫的大海。根据历史文献记载，有20多个诸侯国家和封建王朝修筑过长城，若把各个时代修筑的长城加起来，大约有10万里以上。其中秦、汉、明3个朝代所修长城的长度都超过了1万里。现在我国新疆、 甘肃、 宁夏、 陕西、 内蒙古、 山西、河北、北京、 天津、 辽宁、 吉林、 黑龙江、 河南、山东、湖北、湖南等省、市、自治区都有古长城、峰火台的遗迹。其中仅内蒙古自治区的长城就达3万多里。 明朝在“外边”长城之外，还修筑了“内边”长城和“内三关”长城。“内关”长城以北齐所筑为基础，起自内蒙古与山西交界处的偏关以西，