1.2 Statistical testing by permutation（1.2统计测试的排列）.pdf

Statistical testing by permutation 17 Excerpt (pp. 17-26) from:Ch. 13), McBratney Webster (1981), McBratney et al. (1981), Webster Burgess (1984), Borgman Quimby (1988), and François-Bongarçon (1991). Legendre, P. L. Legendre. 1998. Numerical ecology, 2nd English edition. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam. Ecologists interested in designing field experiments should read the paper of Dutilleul (1993b), who discusses how to accommodate an experiment to spatially Heteroge- heterogeneous conditions. The concept of spatial heterogeneity is discussed at some neity length in the multi-author book edited by Kolasa Pickett (1991), in the review paper of Dutilleul Legendre (1993), and in Section 13.0. 1.2 Statistical testing by permutation The role of a statistical test is to decide whether some parameter of the reference population may take a value assumed by hypothesis, given the fact that the corresponding statistic, whose value is estimated from a sample of objects, may have a Statistic somewhat different value. A statistic is any quantity that may be calculated from the data and is of interest for the analysis (examples below); in tests of significance, a statistic is called test statistic or test criterion. The assumed value of the parameter corresponding to the statistic in the reference population is given by the statistical null hypothesis (written H ), which translates the biological null hypothesis into numerical 0 terms;