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Big Genetics and Information Transfer 3 (大基因和信息传递3)
BigIdea 3
Genetics and Information Transfer
investigation 7
CeLL Division:
Mitosis anD Meiosis
How do eukaryotic cells divide to produce genetically identical
cells or to produce gametes with half the normal DNA?
■ BACKGROUND
One of the characteristics of living things is the ability to replicate and pass on genetic
information to the next generation. Cell division in individual bacteria and archaea
usually occurs by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts also replicate by binary
fission, which is evidence of the evolutionary relationship between these organelles and
prokaryotes.
Cell division in eukaryotes is more complex. It requires the cell to manage a
complicated process of duplicating the nucleus, other organelles, and multiple
chromosomes. This process, called the cell cycle, is divided into three parts: interphase,
mitosis, and cytokinesis (see Student Manual, page S83, Figure 1). In the first growth
phase (G1), the cell grows and prepares to duplicate its DNA. In the synthesis phase (S),
the chromosomes are replicated. In the second growth phase (G2), the cell prepares to
divide. In mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two nuclei. In most
cases, mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm divides and organelles
separate into daughter cells. This type of cell division is asexual and is important for
growth, renewal, and repair of multicellular organisms.
Cell division is tightly controlled by complexes made of several specific proteins.
These complexes contain enzymes called cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which turn
on or off the various processes that take place in cell division. CDK partners with a
fami
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