Chapter 3 Deflection Monitoring Civil （第三章挠度监测公民）.pdf

CHAPTER 3 3 DYNAMIC DEFLECTION MONITORING OF EPS EMBANKMENT TO SUPPORT RAILWAY SYSTEM 3.1 Introduction The amount of deflection of the rail caused by the passing of a locomotive or rail car is a significant safety issue for rail system operations. Large deflections could pose the risk of possible derailment, especially at higher speeds of operation. Dynamic rail deflections can occur on all types of embankment support systems. The amount of deflection can be measured by using direct or indirect methods. For direct methods, measurement is usually done by via survey equipment, lasers, or other optical equipment (e.g., high-speed cameras) deployed in the field. When optical techniques are used, optical equipment are used to obtain images, and those images are subsequently processed to determine relative displacement. For indirect methods, the amount deflection is measured either by instrumentation and numerical interpretation. The most common indirect method involves the installation of accelerometers or geophones at the site. These sensors can provide time history data of acceleration or velocity. This information can be integrated to provide estimates of displacement of the rail versus time. The use of optical techniques to measure the dynamic deflection on rails and sleepers that atop the embankment made from conventional materials have been carried out by 2 several researchers (Ho et al., 2006; Bowness et al., 2007; Lu, 2008; Pinto et al., 2009; Psimoulis and Stiros, 2013). The video graphic and image processing techniques were used to monit