Corrosion and Degradation of Materials UPRM（腐蚀和退化的材料UPRM）.pdfVIP

Corrosion and Degradation of Materials Interaction of the material with its environment. Changes in properties due to the interaction (mechanical – ductility or strength, physical properties, or appearance). Mechanisms of Deterioration : These depend on the type of material: Metals : Either materials loss by dissolution (corrosion) or formation fo a non-metallic scale (oxidation). Ceramic : Highly resistance to deterioration. Deterioration at high temperature or extreme environments (corrosion). Polymers : May dissolve or absorb and swell when exposed to liquid solvents, or deteriorate in the presence of UV and heat (degradation). Cost of Corrosion • Cost: --4 to 5% of the Gross National Product (GNP)* --this amounts to just over $400 billion/yr** * H.H. Uhlig and W.R. Revie, Corrosion and Corrosion Control: An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering , 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1985. **Economic Report of the President (1998). Corrosion of Metals Destructive electrochemical attack of a metal. Usually begins at the surface. It can be classified in two different types: • Dry corrosion – Oxidation (scaling). It takes place in gaseous atmospheres, normally air • Wet corrosion – Electrochemical corrosion. It takes place in aqueous solution, humid environments. Oxidation Mechanisms The process of an oxide layer formation is an electrochemical process. In the case of iron heated to high temperature the reaction is as follows: 2Fe + O 2FeO 2 Oxidation Fe Fe2+ + 2e- - 2- Reduction ½ O + 2e O 2 For the oxide layer to increase is necessary that electrons be conducted to the scale gas interface at wh