第五章金融参考书目.pptVIP

Reviews: public goods Public goods are characterized by nonrivalness and nonexcludability in consumption,thus,each person consumes the same amount,but not necessarily the preferred amount,of the public good. Efficient provision of public goods requires that the sum of the individual MRSs equal the MRT,unlike private goods where each MRS equals the MRT. Market mechanisms are unlikely to provide nonrival goods efficiently,even if they are excludable. Casual observation and laboratory studies indicate that people do not fully exploit free riding possiblities.nonetheless,in certain cases,free riding is a significent problem. Public goods can be provided privately,and private goods can’t be provided publicly. Even in cases where public provision of a good is selected,a choice between public and private production must be made.a key factor in determining whether public or private production will be more efficient is the market environment.anothe important question is the extent to which complete contracts can be written with private sector service providers. Externality 松花江水污染时间回放 11 月13 日，下午１时４５分左右，中国石油吉林石化公司双苯厂（以下简称吉化双苯厂）发生着火爆炸事故。爆炸发生后，目击者说，巨大的蘑菇云笼罩在城市上空。爆炸造成5 人死亡1 人失踪。从11 月13日爆炸事故发生到11 月21日前，近8 天的时间里，有关吉化双苯厂爆炸的新闻似乎已开始移出了人们的视线。然而，就是在11月21 日，地处松花江下游且以松花江水为饮用水源地的哈尔滨市民开始从小道得到消息：松花江有可能受到吉化爆炸污染，于是市民开始储备水。此后，随着哈尔滨可能发生地震消息的传出，市民开始大量储备的就不仅仅是水了，面粉、油、盐都成了超市里人们的抢手货。21 日，哈尔滨市政府发布通告，称市区市政供水管网设施要进行全面检修，决定从11月22 日中午12 时起，停水4 天。21 日晚些时候，哈尔滨市政府再次紧急发文明确披露：中石油吉化公司双苯厂苯胺车间发生爆炸事故，造成松花江水体污染。“平静”了8 天、似乎已没有新话题的吉化双苯厂爆炸事件到21 日发生急转，这种急转让人们强烈地感觉到了污染的存在。 吸烟与被动吸烟 蜂农与果农 近日，笔者在陆屋镇莲塘村、新光农场的荔枝、龙眼、芒果园里看到，数以万计的“采花大盗”正在果园里“嗡嗡”地飞进飞出，既热闹有繁忙。据养蜂人黄大叔介绍，近几天，他的50多箱蜜蜂无偿为该镇莲塘村、新光农场等地的果树“采花授粉”，这既帮果农的果树解决了开花不结果的难题，也帮群众减少了人工受粉的经费，还可减少畸形果，提高果品的质量，大大的提高了果树的产量，促进了果树的丰收，小小蜜蜂给果农以及蜂农在致富路上同获丰收同致富。 Introduction Externalities are benefits or costs generated outside of market transactions. An externality exists whenever the decision of a household or firm directly affects other households or firms through no