5.4英语文学学习课件.pptVIP

Sense Relations; Antonymy;Antonymy is a standard technical term used for oppositeness of meaning between lexemes.;A) gradable opposites ( contraries);; b. They can be qualified by adverbials of degree. ;C.Their meanings are relative to each other. One meaning is determined in reference to the meaning of the other.;;Thus we have not just rich and poor, but there are such gradations as rich,well-to-do, well-off, moderately wealthy, comfortably off, hard up, poor. ;d. Since they show different degrees of a given quality, they will allow a middle ground between them.;e. The negation of one does not mean the assertion of the other.;They can be used in the structure “ neither…nor: for example: I am neither rich nor poor.;F. This kind of antonyms can be analysed in terms of markedness ( 标记）;Now the terms “marked” and “unmarked” have been widely used in the analysis of meaning. A word is unmarked if it is semantically inclusive, or broader in meaning while a word is marked if it is semantically narrower.;Unmarked ( long);well, badly;well, badly;old/young heavy/light Wide /narrow deep/shallow far/near long/short; Complementarity;The negation of one is the assertion of the other.;; More examples: male/female married/single boy/girl brother/sister;Relational opposites ( Conversives)换位反义词;Usually there is an independence of meaning. One member of the pair presupposes the other member.Therefore they form a unity of opposites.;If A sells a watch to B, B buys a watch from A.;husband/wife fiance/fiancee parent/child above/below debtor/creditor;Very often a word is polysemous in nature, therefore, a word may have different corresponding antonyms, for example:; Polysemy and homonymy; Homonymy In the English language, there are many pairs or groups of words, which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike or spelled alike, or both. Such words are called homonyms ; A. Types of homonyms English homony