chapter06_lecture课件.ppt

Powerpoint to accompany Genetics: From Genes to Genomes Third Edition Hartwell ● Hood ● Goldberg ● Reynolds ● Silver ● Veres;DNA;Outline of Chapter 6;Chemical characterization localizes DNA in the chromosomes.;The chemical composition of DNA;Are genes composed of DNA or protein?;Bacterial transformation implicates DNA as the substance of genes.;Griffith experiment;Griffith experiment;Avery, MacLeod, McCarty Experiment;Avery, MacLeod, McCarty experiment;Hershey and Chase experiments;Hershey and Chase Waring blender experiment;Hershey and Chase Waring blender experiment;The Watson-Crick Model: DNA is a double helix.;X-ray diffraction patterns produced by DNA fibers – Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins;DNA’s chemical constituents;DNA’s chemical constituents;DNA’s chemical constituents;Chargaff’s ratios;Complementary base pairing by formation of hydrogen bonds explain Chargaff’s ratios.;DNA is double helix Strands are antiparallel with a sugar-phosphate backbone on outside and pairs of bases in the middle. Two strands wrap around each other every 30 Angstroms, once every 10 base pairs. Two chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between A-T and G-C base pairs.;Structurally, purines (A and G) pair best with pyrimadines (T and C). Thus, A pairs with T and G pairs with C, also explaining Chargaff’s ratios.;Double helix may assume alternative forms.;Some DNA molecules are circular instead of linear. 1. Prokaryotes 2. Mitochondria 3. Chloroplasts 4. Viruses Some viruses carry single-stranded DNA. 1. bacteriophages Some viruses carry RNA. 1. e.g., AIDS;Four requirements for DNA to be genetic material;Much of DNA’s sequence-specific information is accessible only when the double helix is unwound. Proteins read the DNA sequence of nucleotides as the DNA helix unwinds. Proteins can either bind to a DNA sequence, or initiate the copying of it. Human genome is believed to be 250 million nucleotides long. Four possible nucleotides. Thus 4250,000,000 possible sequen