葡萄牙语巴西-漫谈葡萄牙和巴西.ppt

* * * * * 葡萄牙语巴西漫谈葡萄牙和巴西Portuguese Brazil Conquest Tordesillas Spanish precedent Spanish precedent: Columbus wrote, October 14, 1492, Columbus wrote in his journal, with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them. they are artless and generous with what they have, to such a degree as no one would believe but him who had seen it...[but] their Highnesses may see that I shall give them as much gold as they need .... and slaves as many as they shall order to be shipped. Conquest Pedro Alvares Cabral (April 22, 1500) Portuguese Administration Captaincy System The Captain or Grantee was awarded hereditary control of a vast vertical strip running through Brazil. He was responsible for colonizing, developing, and defending the land grant at his own expense. This was a hybrid of feudalism and commercialism in which the Captain was a vassal to the Portuguese Crown and a businessman who depended on taxes from settlers to whom he granted portions of his land. Brazil was divided into 14 Captaincies. Each Captaincy was larger than Portugal itself Captaincies Pernambuco and Bahia Pernambuco and Bahia were the most successful Captaincies. Dyewood:Brazilwood (pau-brazil) Tobacco, and Sugar Techniques from Madeira, Canaries, Sao Tome Beginning of “triangular trade” Estates: Fazendas Sugar Mills: Engehnos (water powered) and almanjarra (powered by oxen or slaves) Fazendas Large estates not only grew the cash crop but also operated the mills, and they charged small farmers 25-33% of their crop to grind their cane. Brazil was the first American colony to introduce large-scale sugar production. Fazenda showing slave quarters Engenhos Engenho d’agua Almanjarra S?o Vicente and Pernambuco, leading sugarcane plantations to quickly spread to other coastal areas in colonial Brazil. The period of sugar-based economy (1530-c.1700) is known as the Sugarcane Cycle in Brazilian history. Competition Frenc