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The primer pairs used were D2A (5’-acaagtaccgtgagggaaagttg-3’) and D2B (5’-aatccgtgtttcaagacggg-3’), D3A (5’-gacccgtcttgaaacacgga-3’) and D3B (5’-tcggaaggaaccagctacta- 3’) (Nunn, 1992), and mtA (5’-ggcggatcctacatcgatgttgtat-3’) and mtB (5’-ggcggatccwkttcctctcgtact-3’). These primers selectively amplify metazoan ribosomal DNAs (rDNA) and do not amplify common contaminants such as bacteria, fungi, or plant material. Courtright EM, Wall DH, Virginia RA, et al. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity in the Antarctic nematode Scottnema lindsayae. Journal of Nematology, 2000, 32(2): 143. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed according to Subbotin et al. (2000). The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and the D2-D3 of 28S of rDNA were amplified using the following primer sets: 5367 (5’-ttgattacgtccctgcccttt-3’) and F195 (5’-tcctccgctaaatgatatg-3’); and D2A (5’-acaagtaccgtgagggaaagttg-3’) and D3B (5’-tcggaaggaaccagctacta-3’) as described by Schmitz et al. (1998) and De Ley et al. (1999), respectively. Castillo P, Vovlas N, Subbotin S, et al. A new root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne baetica n. sp.(Nematoda: Heteroderidae), parasitizing wild olive in Southern Spain. Phytopathology, 2003, 93(9): 1093-1102. D3A(5’-gacccgtcttgaaacacgga-3’) and D3B (5’-tcggaaggaaccagctacta-3’). Al-Banna L, Ploeg A T, Williamson V M, et al. Discrimination of six Pratylenchus species using PCR and species-specific primers. Journal of nematology, 2004, 36(2): 142. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) segment was amplified with the primers rDNA2 5’-ttgattacgtccctgcccttt-3’ (Vrain et al. 1992) and rDNA1.58S 5’-acgagccgagtgatccaccg-3’ (Cherry et al. 1997). The ribosomal LSU D2-D3 expansion segment was amplified with primers D2A 5’-acaagtaccgtgagggaaagttg-3’ and D3B 5’-tcggaaggaaccagctacta-3’ (Courtright et al.,2000) as previously described (Al-Banna et al., 1997). Skantar AM, Carta LK. Multiple displacement amplification (MDA) of total genomic DNA from Meloidogy