TheEnvironment概要.ppt

Unit 7-The Environment 章节内容： 讨论主谓一致问题，以及both, either, neither等做主语的问题 主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词在‘人称’和‘数’方面的一致关系 一般来说分为三种：语法一致，意义一致，就近原则 1. 语法一致 主语和谓语动词之间的一致关系主要表现在‘数’的形式上， 即用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单，复数上的一 致。如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式；如果中心词 是单数，动词便用单数。这种关系叫做语法一致： Both boys have their own merits. Few students are really lazy. Many people want to go. Two girls were standing on the corner. Each boy has his own book. Every girl comes on time. Either answer is correct. Much effort is wasted. 意义一致和就近原则： 有时，主语和谓语的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单复数形 式，而是取决于主语的单复数意义：比如主语在语法形式上 并非复数，但有复数意义，随后动词用复数；反之，主语在 语法形式上是复数，而在意义上可以视为单数，随后动词也 用单数，这就叫做意义一致： The government have asked the country to decide by a vote. Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me. Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register. 就近原则 有时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语的单复 数形式，这种关系就叫最近原则： Either my brothers or my father is coming. Only one out of five were present. Neither Julie nor I am coming. 以集体名词做主语的主谓一致问题 集体名词，如government, committee, team, group等，在 意义上是复数，而在语法形式上是单数。这类名词作主语的 主谓一致问题往往存在‘语法一致’与‘意义一致’上的选择： 1. 通常做复数的集体名词： 有些集体名词，如police, people, cattle, militia, poultry, vermin害虫…通常做复数，随后动词用复数。例如： Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides. Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of. 2. 通常做不可数名词的集体名词： 有些集体名词，如foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise…通常做不可数名词，随后动词用单数： All merchandise has arrived undamaged. All the machinery in the factory is made in China. 3. 既可以做单数也可以做复数的集体名词： 有些集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, Government, public（公众）…既可以做单数也可以做复数 如将该名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，则动词用单数： The anti-crime committee is to make its report tomorrow. The city council is meeting to set its agenda. 如将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数： That group of soldiers is a top-notch fighting unit. That group of soldiers have the best ratings of individual Performance. The herd of cows and calves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time. The herd of cows and calves are moving toward the sheds by two and three. 并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1.