Optimal Binary Search Tree课件.ppt

Optimal Binary Search Tree;1.Preface;2.Premise;3.Formula Prove;Because we have probabilities of searches for each key and each dummy key, we can determine the expected cost of a search in a given binary search tree T. Let us assume that the actual cost of a search is the number of nodes examined, i.e., the depth of the node found by the search in T,plus1. Then the expected cost of a search in T is : (The second statement) E[ search cost in T] = (i=1~n) ∑ pi ．(depthT(ki)+1) + (i=0~n) ∑ qi ．(depthT(di)+1) =1 + (i=1~n) ∑ pi ．depthT(ki) + (i=0~n) ∑ qi ．depthT(di) Where depthT denotes a node’s depth in the tree T. ;k2;By Figure (a), we can calculate the expected search cost node by node: ;And the total cost = (0.30 + 0.10 + 0.15 + 0.20 + 0.60 + 0.15 + 0.30 + 0.20 + 0.20 + 0.20 + 0.40 ) = 2.80 So Figure (a) costs 2.80 ,on another, the Figure (b) costs 2.75, and that tree is really optimal. We can see the height of (b) is more than (a) , and the key k5 has the greatest search probability of any key, yet the root of the OBST shown is k2.(The lowest expected cost of any BST with k5 at the root is 2.85) ;Step1:The structure of an OBST;We need to use the optimal substructure to show that we can construct an optimal solution to the problem from optimal solutions to subproblems. Given keys ki ,…, kj, one of these keys, say kr (I ≦r ≦j), will be the root of an optimal subtree containing these keys. The left subtree of the root kr will contain the keys (ki ,…, kr-1) and the dummy keys( di-1 ,…, dr-1), and the right subtree will contain the keys (kr+1 ,…, kj) and the dummy keys( dr ,…, dj). As long as we examine all candidate roots kr, where I ≦r ≦j, and we determine all optimal binary search trees containing ki ,…, kr-1 and those containing kr+1 ,…, kj , we are guaranteed that we will find an OBST.;There is one detail worth nothing about “empty” subtrees. Suppose that in a subtree with keys ki,...,kj, we select ki as the root. By the above argument, ki ‘s left