Section M N transcription and regulation in Eu课件.ppt

Transcription in Eukaryotes;Transcription in Eukaryotes The three RNA Polymerases: characterization and function RNA Pol Ⅱgenes: promoters and enhancers ;Eukaryotic RNA polymerase activity ;Differences: 1. There are 3 RNA polymerases in Eukaryotic 2. Require more accessory factors for binding promoter DNA initiating transcription. 3. The C-terminus of RNA Pol II largest subunit contains a stretch of heptapeptide(七聚体) repeats, named as carboxyl terminal domain (CTD，羧基末端结构域) Amino acid sequence: Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser. Repeated 26 x (yeast) 52x in mouse, which Involved in polymerase phosphorylation（磷酸化) during elongation.;The basic mechanism of eukaryotic transcription is similar to that in prokaryotes. Much more proteins are associated with the eukaryotic transcription machinery, resulting in much more complicated transcription.;The three RNA Polymerases: characterization and function Three eukaryotic polymerases transcribe different sets of genes (Separation by different sensitivities to ?-amanitin 鹅膏菌素，a mushroom toxin真菌毒素） In addition, eukaryotic cells contain additional RNA Pols in mitochondria and chloraplasts.;Type;RNA Pol II genes: promoters;RNA Pol II Overview ;Promoters; Acts in a similar way to an E. coli promoter –10 sequence to position the RNA Pol II for correct transcription initiation.;Some eukaryotic genes contain an initiator element (Inr) instead of a TATA box. Other genes have neither of them, and usually are transcribed at very low rates;Upstream regulatory elements;Enhancer;Properties of Enhancer;Enhancer binding proteins can act from a distance to enhance initiation of transcription.;1. They exert strong activation of transcription of a linked gene from the correct start site. 2. They activate transcription when placed in either orientation with respect to linked genes 3. They are able to function over long distances