动词的虚化过程：“来” 和“去”.ppt

Lecture 4 Word-making and Word-marking Morphology 形态学 Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit. A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning Free morphemes: those which can occur on their own as separate words, e.g.luck Bound morphemes: those which cannot occur on their own as separate words, e.g. -y ? lucky Bound morphemes affix : prefix undo revisit suffix desirable writer infix 收了工 吃完饭 root as bound morpheme monogamy bigamy digamy receive perceive conceive as free morpheme catty gam ?marriage ceive ? no corresponding free morpheme Morphemes are single, irreducible, meaningful pieces Usually, a Chinese character is a morpheme: free morpheme 学；跑 bound morpheme 过；们 A few Chinese morphemes consist of more than one character: 葡萄； 参差 Two word categories Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Prepositions Articles Pronouns Open classes 开放项列 New words can be added to these classes. They are all content words/ lexical words Closed classes 封闭项列 New words are not usually added to them. They are function words/ structural words. Also closed class words, but not function words. Morphology The study of the processes by which morphemes combine to form words. Inflectional morphology In many languages, the forms of a word vary, in order to express such contrasts as number, gender, case and tense. e.g. -ed, -s, -er Derivational morphology in+sincere ? insincere soft+en ? soften smoke+fog ? smog day+dream ? daydream refrigerator ? fridge table ? to table affixation blending compounding clipping conversion However, there is no neat one-to-one correspondence between the grammatical alterations in a word’s form and meanings thereby conveyed. Examples –––––– aspect John is driving very fast. John is always driving very fast. continuous aspect ? habitual aspect case the boy’s