金属冶炼（metal smelting）.docVIP

金属冶炼（metal smelting） Metal smelting: the transformation of metals from a chemical to a free state. Commonly used smelting method: with carbon, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other reductant and metal oxides at high temperature response. Principles of smelting 1.: reduction of metal oxides (with reductant heat) - free metal, 2. replacement method: metal salt solution (adding active metal) - - free metal smelting (Pyrometallurgy) also known as dry metallurgy, the ore and the necessary additives together in a furnace heated to a high temperature melting as the liquid chemical reaction required, thereby separating the crude metal, and then coarse metal refining. Wet metallurgy (Hydrometallurgy) hydrometallurgy the metallurgical process is used in aqueous solution of acid, alkali, salt, chemical methods from ore extraction of required metal component, and then water solution electrolysis and other methods of producing metal. This method is mainly used in low standard, refractory or micro powder ore. Today, 75% of zinc and cadmium in the world are made by roasting leaching water electrolysis. This method has largely replaced the past zinc smelting by fire. Other difficult metals, such as nickel cobalt, zirconium hafnium, tantalum niobium and rare earth metals, have been separated by hydrometallurgy methods, such as solvent extraction or ion exchange, which have achieved remarkable results. Common metal smelting equation Mercury: thermal decomposition method: 2HgO= heating =2Hg+O2 (gas): Copper replacement method: CuSO4+Fe==Cu+FeSO4 (also called hydrometallurgy): aluminum electrolysis: 2Al2O3= power =4Al+3O2 (not by AlCl3, because AlCl3 is not an ionic compound): magnesium electrolysis method: MgCl2 (L) Mg (s = = = = electricity (+Cl2) g) = sodium: electrolytic method: 2NaCl= power: =2Na+Cl2 K principle is of high boiling point metal metal Na+KCl==K+NaCl (low boiling point: the reaction conditions are high temperature, vacuum.) Iron: thermal reduction method: high temperatu