第2章 原子结构与原子间.ppt

C h a p t e r 2 /Atomic Structure andInteratomic Bonding第2章 原子结构和原子间的键;Why Study Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding? An important reason to have an understanding of interatomic bonding in solids is that, in some instances, the type of bond allows us to explain a material’s properties. ;For example, consider carbon, which may exist as both graphite and diamond. Whereas graphite is relatively soft and has a ‘‘greasy’’（滑腻） feel to it, diamond is the hardest known material. ;This dramatic disparity in properties is directly attributable to a type of interatomic bonding found in graphite that does not exist in diamond (see Section 3.9).;Learning Objectives After careful study of this chapter you should be able to do the following:;4. (a) Briefly describe ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and van der Waals bonds.(b) Note what materials exhibit each of these bonding types. ;2.1 INTRODUCTION;This chapter, by way of preparation for subsequent discussions, considers several fundamental and important concepts, namely: atomic structure, electron configurations in atoms and the periodic table, ;and the various types of primary and secondary interatomic bonds that hold together the atoms comprising a solid. These topics are reviewed briefly, under the assumption that some of the material is familiar to the reader.;原子结构 ATOMIC STRUCTURE2.2基本概念2.2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS;每一个化学元素是由原子核中的质子数大小定义的，我们把它叫做原子序数（Z）。对于电中性即完整的原子，原子序数也等于核外电子数。原子序数为整数从最小的原子序数氢原子的1到自然界存在的最大的原子序数铀原子的92。 每个原子的原子质量（A）可以用原子核里质子和中子质量的和来表示。虽然对于所有给定元素的质子数是相同的，但中子数(N)可以变化。因此有些元素的原子有两种或更多的的原子质量，这样的物质我们把它们叫做同位素。 ;原子量是自然界现存的包括同位素在内的原子质量的平均值。原子质量单位（amu）可用于计算原子量。一个原子质量单位被定义为最普通的碳同位素12（A=12.00000）原子质量的1/12。用这样一个计量单位，质子和中子的质量略大于1。 A ≌ Z + N (2.1) ;元素的原子量或化合物的分子量可以用每个原子或分子的原子质量或每摩尔材料的质量来表示。一摩尔物质有6.023×1023个原子或分子（阿弗加德罗常数）。这两种原子量之间的关系为如下方程： 1amu/atom(or molecule)=1g/mol 例如铁的原子量为55.85amu/atom,或55.85g/mol。有时用1amu/atom(or molecule)比较方便。有时用g/mol（或kg/mol）则更好。本书用的是后者。;2.3 原子中的电子 2.3 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS 原子