遗传标记geneticmarker.ppt

the genetic basics of forensic biology Xia Shui Xiu The department of forensic medicine Medical school of soochow university Overview of today’s talk Fundamental conceptions The sorts of genetic marker Laws of inheritance Groups genetics Parameters of genetic marker Fundamental concepts 单位遗传性状 可检测的，由遗传决定的，能够以一定的规律 从亲代传给下一代的形态学、生理学及分子生 物学特征 Gene ? A segment of DNA within a chromosome which has a specific genetic function. ? Length from several bps to several million bps. ? Gene is not a smallest unit of genetic material ? Before the discovery of DNA, people believe that gene is the smallest genetic unit. Gene the basic unit of inheritance; located on chromosomes; represented by letters; an individual has at least 2 genes for each characteristic/trait Locus The plural is Loci A position on a chromosome This position may be that of an allele, a gene, or a segment of the chromosome Each locus is present once in the haploid genome - twice in the diploid genome, etc. Allele Alternate forms (sequence) of DNA at a specific locus in the chromosome ACCGGTTC or ACCGATTC alternative forms of genes; located in corresponding positions on homologous chromosomes Genotype, Phenotype Genotype- the genetic makeup of an individual, expressed in letter symbols Phenotype- the physical appearance of an organism with respect to a trait Homozygous The presence of two identical alleles at a given locus in an individual Heterozygous The presence of two different alleles at a given locus in an individual Fundamental concepts RECESSIVE - the allele that is expressed in a heterozygous individual; represented by a capital letter. only expressed when have homozygote DOMINANT - the allele that is hidden, or not expressed, in a heterozygous individual; represented by a lowercase letter. expressed with either homozygote or heterozygote allele frequency, genotype frequency 基因频率(allele frequency)： 群体中某个等位基因数目与该座位所有等位基因总数的百分比。 任何一个座位全部等位