Chapter2Phonology分析.ppt

2.2 Phonetics Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication. Phonetics----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop. 3 branches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. It studies “the physical properties of the stream of sounds” (语音流的物理特征) 2.2.2 Organs of speech Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat: air-lungs-windpipe-glottis The oral cavity ---- the mouth: The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found here. tongue-the most flexible and responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other Nasal cavity ---- the nose: It is connected with the oral cavity. The diagram of speech organs Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar) Hard palate Soft palate (velum) Uvula Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Vocal cords Pharyngeal cavity Nasal cavity tongue the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other e.g [k] [g]: obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area [j]: the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue [t] [d]: the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the velar ridge [θ] [e]: partial obstruction between the upper front teeth and the tip of the tongue IPA-International Phonetic Alphabet 1, A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription 2, The basic rule of IPA Using one letter selected from major European language to represent one speech sound. Broad Nar