专业英语第四章分析.ppt

* * Unit 4 Chemical Reactions 4.1 Introduction Chemists are interested in the behavior of the atoms and molecules that make up all matter and that their information comes from studying chemical and physical properties of matter. In this chapter we will take a detailed look at chemical reactions by dividing them into general classes and by studying the energy changes that accompany them and the rates at which they take place. 4.2 Types of Chemical Reactions ※Combination Combination reactions involve the joining of two substances( elements or compounds) to make a single compound, as shown below: A + B ? A-B One example of combination reaction is the industrial process by which nitrogen gas is combined with hydrogen gas to form ammonia, i.e. N2 + 3H2 ? 2NH3 A compound and an element can also combine to form a new compound. The organic compound ethene, C2H4, that contains a double bond between its two C atoms can react with H2 to form a new compound, ethane, which has no double bond: C2H4 + H2 ? C2H6 Two compounds can combine to form a single compound, as in the reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate: CaO + CO2 ? CaCO3 ※Decomposition In decomposition reactions a compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds. A-B ? A + B For instance, hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen. 2H2O2 ? 2H2O + O2 ※Displacement In displacement reactions a substance A reacts with a compound BC to replace one the elements in it: A + B-C ? A-B + C A typical example of this is the reaction of iron metal with aqueous hydrochloric acid, HCl, in which H2 gas bubbles off. Fe (s) + 2HCl (aq) ? FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) ※ Double Displacement In double displacement reactions two compounds react with each other; an atom or group of atoms from one of the compounds exchanges with an at