化工专业英语-Unit8分析.ppt

After completing this unit, you should be able to: Identify the major constitutes of petroleum. List some important precursors of petrochemicals from petroleum refining. List the unit operation and conversion processes in petroleum refining. Describe briefly cracking and reforming processes. Petroleum, the product of natural changes in organic materials over millennia(数千年）, has accumulated beneath (在……的下方 ) the earth’s surface in almost unbelievable quantities and has been discovered by humans and used to meet（满足） our varied fuel wants. Because it is a mixture of thousands of organic substances, it has proved adaptable to ( (使)适应，适合) our changing needs. It has been adapted, through changing patterns of processing or refining, to the manufacture of a variety of fuels and through chemical changes to the manufacture of a host of pure chemical substances, the petrochemicals（石化产品） . Modern units operate continuously. First a tubular heater（管式加热器） supplies hot oil to an efficient distillation column（蒸馏柱） which separates the material by boiling points into products similar to those obtained with the batch still（间歇蒸馏釜）, but more cleanly separated; then later units convert the less salable（畅销的） parts of the crude (the so-called bottom half of the barrel) into desired salable products. The processes used include various cracking units (which make small molecules from large ones). polymerization, reforming, hydrocracking（氢化裂解）, hydrotreating（加氢处理）, isomerization, severe processing known as coking, and literally dozens of other processes designed to alter boiling and molecular geometry. 1.Constituents of Petroleum (石油的组成 ) Crude petroleum is made up of （由….组成）thousands of （数千种）different chemical substances including gases, liquids, and solids and ranging from methane to asphalt（沥青）. Most constituents are hydrocarbons, but there are significant amounts of compounds containing nitrogen (0 to 0.5%), sulfur (0 to 0.6%), and oxygen