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Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Transplantation Volume 2011, Article ID 261352, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2011/261352 Review Article Engraftment of Insulin-Producing Cells from Porcine Islets in Non-Immune-Suppressed Rats or Nonhuman Primates Transplanted Previously with Embryonic Pig Pancreas Marc R. Hammerman George M. O’Brien Center for Kidney Disease Research, Departments of Medicine, and Cell Biology and Physiology, The Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Marc R. Hammerman, mhammerm@ Received 17 May 2011; Revised 2 July 2011; Accepted 2 July 2011 Academic Editor: Thierry Berney Copyright © 2011 Marc R. Hammerman. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Transplantation therapy for diabetes is limited by unavailability of donor organs and outcomes complicated by immunosuppressive drug toxicity. Xenotransplantation is a strategy to overcome supply problems. Implantation of tissue obtained early during embryogenesis is a way to reduce transplant immunogenicity. Insulin-producing cells originating from embryonic pig pancreas obtained very early following pancreatic primordium formation (embryonic day 28 (E28)) engraft long-term in non-immune, suppressed diabetic rats or rhesus macaques. Morphologically, similar cells originating from adult porcine islets of Langerhans (islets) engraft in non-immune-suppressed rats or rhesus macaques previously transplanted with E28 pig pancreatic primordia. Our data are consistent with induction of tolerance to an endocrine cell component of porcine is