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common movement disorders in children diagnosis, pathogenesis and management常见的运动障碍儿童的诊断、发病机制和管理.pdf

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common movement disorders in children diagnosis, pathogenesis and management常见的运动障碍儿童的诊断、发病机制和管理

Neuroscience Medicine, 2012, 3, 90-100 /10.4236/nm.2012.31014 Published Online March 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/nm) Common Movement Disorders in Children: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Management Isabelle Korn-Lubetzki1*, Israel Steiner2 1Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; 2Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva, Israel. * Email: ikl@cc.huji.ac.il Received December 14th, 2011; revised January 20th, 2012; accepted February 5th, 2012 ABSTRACT Movement disorders in childhood are a heterogeneous group of diseases with presentations that vary according to etiopathogenesis and age of onset. While sharing certain characteristics with the conditions that affect adults, they also have unique features that are determined by the metabolic, physiological and environmental distinctiveness of the de- veloping brain. This context makes the nervous system of children vulnerable to various insults such as birth trauma, infections and toxicity. Some inborn errors of metabolism and genetic conditions selectively affect the young brain and psychological adaptation may also contribute to the occurrence and severity of certain conditions at this age group. The present review outlines the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and course, diagnosis and therapy of movement disorders in children. We also emphasize, when available, preventive and prophylactic measures and conclude by suggesting several avenues for future research in aspects that are currently not well understood. Keywords: Movement Disorder; Children 1. Introduction substantia nigra pars reticulata. These outputs subsequently inhibit neurons in thalamic nuclei that in turn project to The objective of this review is to assist clinicians to be