current state of type 1 diabetes immunotherapy incremental advances, huge leaps, or more of the same当前状态的1型糖尿病的免疫疗法增量发展,巨大的飞跃,相同或更多的.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Clinical and Developmental Immunology Volume 2011, Article ID 432016, 18 pages doi:10.1155/2011/432016 Review Article Current State of Type 1 Diabetes Immunotherapy: Incremental Advances, Huge Leaps, or More of the Same? Brett Phillips,1 Massimo Trucco,1 and Nick Giannoukakis1, 2 1 Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA 2 Department of Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Nick Giannoukakis, ngiann1@ Received 17 March 2011; Accepted 28 April 2011 Academic Editor: Aziz Alami Chentoufi Copyright © 2011 Brett Phillips et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Thus far, none of the preclinically successful and promising immunomodulatory agents for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has conferred stable, long-term insulin independence to diabetic patients. The majority of these immunomodulators are humanised antibodies that target immune cells or cytokines. These as well as fusion proteins and inhibitor proteins all share varying adverse event occurrence and severity. Other approaches have included intact putative autoantigens or autoantigen peptides. Considerable logistical outlays have been deployed to develop and to translate humanised antibodies targeting immune cells, cytokines, and cytokine receptors to the clinic. Very recent phase III trials with the leading agent, a humanised anti-CD3 antibody