发光体材料1.ppt

Structure and Components Lesson: CRS 1-1 Lesson Objectives Explain the standard model of the nucleus Define the subatomic particles that constitute a nucleus Explain the difference between elements and isotopes Describe the format and meaning of atomic structure notation Describe the forces that hold a nucleus together Explain the importance of the binding energy curve History of the Atom Early Greek philosophers speculated that the earth was made up of different combinations of four basic substances, or elements: Earth, Air, Water, and Fire In 1661 the English chemist Robert Boyle published the modern criterion for an element Defined as a basic substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by chemical reactions Can be combined with other elements to form compounds History of the Atom In 1803 John Dalton stated that each chemical element possesses a particular kind of atom Any quantity of the element is made up of identical atoms of this kind Elements are distinguished from each other due to the kind of atom of which it is composed The basic physical difference between different atoms is their weight Eventually, experimentation into electricity and radioactivity indicated that particles of matter smaller than the atom existed In 1906, J. J. Thompson won the Nobel Prize in physics for establishing the existence of electrons Protons were discovered soon after, but neutrons were not discovered until 1932 History of the Atom Ernest Rutherford postulated that the positive charge in an atom is concentrated in a small region called a nucleus at the center of the atom with electrons existing in orbits around it. Neils Bohr then proposed that the atom consists of a dense nucleus of protons surrounded by electrons traveling in discrete orbits at fixed distances from the nucleus Atomic Nature of Matter All matter is composed of atoms. The atom is the smallest amount of matter that retains the properties of an element. Atoms themselves are composed o