aquaporin expression in normal and pathological skeletal muscles a brief review with focus on aqp4水通道蛋白表达在正常和病理骨骼肌与关注aqp4简要回顾.pdfVIP

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aquaporin expression in normal and pathological skeletal muscles a brief review with focus on aqp4水通道蛋白表达在正常和病理骨骼肌与关注aqp4简要回顾.pdf

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aquaporin expression in normal and pathological skeletal muscles a brief review with focus on aqp4水通道蛋白表达在正常和病理骨骼肌与关注aqp4简要回顾

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Volume 2010, Article ID 731569, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2010/731569 Review Article Aquaporin Expression in Normal and Pathological Skeletal Muscles: A Brief Review with Focus on AQP4 Yoshihiro Wakayama Department of Neurology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, 227-8501, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Yoshihiro Wakayama, wakayama@showa-university-fujigaoka.gr.jp Received 18 September 2009; Revised 12 January 2010; Accepted 17 January 2010 Academic Editor: Aikaterini Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos Copyright © 2010 Yoshihiro Wakayama. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy enabled us to observe the molecular architecture of the biological membranes. We were studying the myoﬁber plasma membranes of health and disease by using this technique and were interested in the special assembly called orthogonal arrays (OAs). OAs were present in normal myoﬁber plasma membranes and were especially numerous in fast twitch type 2 myoﬁbers; while OAs were lost from sarcolemmal plasma membranes of severely aﬀected muscles with dystrophinopathy and dysferlinopathy but not with caveolinopathy. In the mid nineties of the last century, the OAs turned out to be a water channel named aquaporin 4 (AQP4). Since this discovery, several groups of investigators have been studying AQP4 expression in diseased muscles. This review summarizes the papers which describe the expression of OAs, AQP4, and other AQPs at the sa