castration-resistant prostate cancer mechanisms, targets, and treatmentcastration-resistant前列腺癌机制,目标,和治疗.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Prostate Cancer Volume 2012, Article ID 327253, 11 pages doi:10.1155/2012/327253 Review Article Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms, Targets, and Treatment Teresa Maria Santos Amaral, Daniela Macedo, Isabel Fernandes, and Luis Costa Oncology Division, Hospital de Santa Maria, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, 1649-039 Lisbon, , Portugal Correspondence should be addressed to Luis Costa, luiscosta.oncology@ Received 26 September 2011; Revised 1 December 2011; Accepted 20 December 2011 Academic Editor: William L. Dahut Copyright © 2012 Teresa Maria Santos Amaral et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), who progress after docetaxel therapy, had until very recently, only a few therapeutic options. Recent advances in this field brought about new perspectives in the treatment of this disease. Molecular, basic, and translational research has given us a better understanding on the mechanisms of CRPC. This great investment has turned into a more rational approach to the development of new drugs. Some of the new treatments are already available to our patients outside clinical trials and may include inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis; new chemotherapy agents; bone-targeted therapy; and immunotherapy. This paper aims to review the mechanisms of prostate cancer resistance, possible therapeutic targets, as well as new options to treat CRPC. 1. Introduction which carries a worse prognosis and translates into a survival