eating or meeting cluster analysis reveals intricacies of white shark (carcharodon carcharias) migration and offshore behavior吃或会议聚类分析揭示了错综复杂的白鲨(噬人鲨属carcharias)移民和海外的行为.pdfVIP

Eating or Meeting? Cluster Analysis Reveals Intricacies of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Migration and Offshore Behavior 1,2 2 2 2 ¨ 3 Salvador J. Jorgensen *, Natalie S. Arnoldi , Ethan E. Estess , Taylor K. Chapple , Martin Ruckert , Scot D. Anderson4, Barbara A. Block2 1 Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, United States of America, 2 Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of ´ America, 3 Universite Paris VI, Paris, France, 4 Point Reyes National Seashore, Inverness, California, United States of America Abstract Elucidating how mobile ocean predators utilize the pelagic environment is vital to understanding the dynamics of oceanic species and ecosystems. Pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tags have emerged as an important tool to describe animal migrations in oceanic environments where direct observation is not feasible. Available PAT tag data, however, are for the most part limited to geographic position, swimming depth and environmental temperature, making effective behavioral observation challenging. However, novel analysis approaches have the potential to extend the interpretive power of these limited observations. Here we developed an approach based on clustering analysis of PAT daily time-at-depth histogram records to distinguish behavioral modes in white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). We found four dominant and distinctive behavioral clusters matching previously described behavioral patterns, including two distinctive offshore diving modes. Once validated, we mapped behavior mode occurrence in space and time. Our results demonstrate spatial, temporal and sex-based structure in the diving behavior