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Efficacy of Vaccination against HPV Infections to Prevent Cervical Cancer in France: Present Assessment and Pathways to Improve Vaccination Policies 1 1 ´ 2 Laureen Ribassin-Majed *, Rachid Lounes , Stephan Clemenc¸on ´ ´ ` ´ ´ 1 Laboratoire Mathematiques Appliquees a Paris 5, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche nu8145, Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne ´ ´ Paris Cite, Paris, France, 2 Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, Telecom ParisTech/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche nu5141, Paris, France Abstract Background: Seventy percent of sexually active individuals will be infected with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) during their lifetime. These infections are incriminated for almost all cervical cancers. In France, 3,068 new cases of cervical cancer and 1,067 deaths from cervical cancer occurred in 2005. Two vaccines against HPV infections are currently available and vaccination policies aim to decrease the incidence of HPV infections and of cervical cancers. In France, vaccine coverage has been reported to be low. Methods: We developed a dynamic model for the heterosexual transmission of Human Papillomavirus types 16 and 18, which are covered by available vaccines. A deterministic model was used with stratification on gender, age and sexual behavior. Immunity obtained from vaccination was taken into account. The model was calibrated using French data of cervical cancer incidence. Re