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Review Of Toasters and Molecular Ticker Tapes Konrad P. Kording* Northwestern University, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiology, and Applied Mathematics, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America grows, the number of potential connections grows quadratically as Abstract: Experiments in systems neuroscience can be each neuron may interact with each other neuron. This, in turn, seen as consisting of three steps: (1) selecting the signals leads to models with many free parameters, which requires new we are interested in, (2) probing the system with carefully statistical methods of fitting these parameters. chosen stimuli, and (3) getting data out of the brain. Here Molecular biology has seen accelerating progress over the last I discuss how emerging techniques in molecular biology decades. One readily quantifiable cost in molecular biology is that are starting to improve these three steps. To estimate its of sequencing DNA. The development of a host of different future impact on experimental neuroscience, I will stress methods has allowed the cost of sequencing each base pair to the analogy of ongoing progress with that of micropro- cessor production techniques. These techniques have dramatically decrease over time (Figure 1, solid). The rate of allowed computers to simplify countless problems; improvement is much faster than tha