5.3 Cell Phone Camera SPIE（5.3手机相机相比）.pdfVIP

164 Chapter 5 5.3 Cell Phone Camera The next design example we discuss is a cell phone camera. These systems have become quite popular, to the point that it is often more difficult to purchase a cell phone without a camera than a phone with one. Early cell phone cameras used relatively low-resolution sensors and often had single-element lens designs. The original use model was that the camera would be for taking “bar shots;” that is, people would be taking pictures of each other while out socializing. As the cameras became more popular and the convenience of using them was understood, increased image quality was demanded. The detector resolution steadily increased to the point that megapixel sensors are used today. This increase in sensor resolution and size drove complexity into the optical designs. Instead of single-element designs, two, three, and even four elements are used. In fact, the newest generation of cell phone cameras will have autofocus and zoom capability. Figure 5.27 shows an example of a three-element cell phone camera design. These types of designs are usually heavily constrained, with overall length being a driving factor. This often results in thin, tightly spaced elements. During the design process, the edge and center thickness of the elements must be constrained to manufacturable sizes. Additionally, sensors containing microlens arrays may limit the chief ray angle of incidence on the image plane. This can result in unusual-looking (for glass) rear elements, which bend the ray bundles over to meet the angle of incidence constraint. In this example, we will not focus on the actual design of such systems but instead concern ourselves