Isaac NEWTON Philosophiae Naturalis Principia （艾萨克·牛顿《自然哲学的。原理）.pdfVIP

rd Isaac NEWTON : Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. 3 Ed. Book II Section I. Translated and Annotated by Ian Bruce : Leseur Janvier notes page 1 Introductory note by Translator: If not already, the reader of the Principia needs to be aware of Newtons method of presenting material : first a proposition is stated succinctly, then it is elaborated on, in an extended summary of the proposition, without giving a detailed account of the steps involved in its solution, and finally, a discourse is presented on how the proposition may be shown, often building on previous propositions, lemmas, etc., usually presented geometrically. These geometric interpretations may be unsatisfactory, especially if a curve is required to be plotted, and the initial method may have involved some form of calculus which may not be revealed or simply sketched out, by which Newton has proven the results for himself, except perhaps for salient results found, that may be quoted in isolation. A critic may advise that there is no surviving evidence for Newtons calculus being involved in the Principia, except what he states as such in Lemma II, Section 2 of Book 2, and the explicit use made in some sections, such as the derivation of the cylcoid properties in Book I, Section 10. If fact. two kinds of limiting processes have been considered for finding the rate of change of a quantity at a point, the one algebraic or analytical, and the other geometrical; in the first case a variable quantity such as A in the relevant formula has a small moment a added to it (sometimes the moment is called o), the difference of the formulas involving A + a and A is evaluated, and the resulting difference (called the genitam by Newton) is divided by a , in which case the rate of change o