Statistics Study Guide Chesnes（统计学习指南Chesnes）.pdfVIP

Statistics Study Guide Matthew Chesnes The London School of Economics September 22, 2001 1 Descriptive Statistics • Pictures of Data: Histograms, pie charts, stem and leafs plots, scatter plots, OGives – OGive: A measure of cummulative distribution percentages. Compute reason- able intervals for data and determine their frequency, then their cummulative frequency, and finally their percentage frequency (percentile). Plot percentages at the upper end of the intervals. Easy way to display quartiles. – Stem and Leaf Plot: Stem is the major part of the data and leaves are minor part. Choose a reasonable unit for the stem. Organize leaves in order of magni- tude. If leaves are too large, split stem into smaller intervals. Placing the leaves equidistant, provides a histogram like representation. – ”A Diagram is Interacting the Eye” - B. Blight. • Measures of Data: Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Quartiles • Right Skewed Data - positively skewed - long right tail • Left Skewed Data - negatively skewed - long left tail • Measures of Location and Spread – Mean: Average (stable value and useful in analysis though sensitive to outliers). – Mode: Data value that occurs most often ... highest peak in the pdf of the continuous case. – Median: 50th percentile (Insensitive to outliers though not as useful in statistical inference) – Range: Max - Min (Crude and inaccurate) – Interquartile Range: 75th − 25th quartile. – Sample standard deviation, s, an estimate of population standard deviation, σ , Corrected sum of Squares n (xi − x¯